Senin, 02 Agustus 2010

Women and US military academies

In 1975, Congress passed legislation which mandated that the United States military academies begin to admit women by the year 1976. This included West Point, The Air Force Academy, and Annapolis.

This was influenced largely by the women's movement in the 1960s and 70s. The Women's Movement pressed the issue of educational equality, and fought for the cessation of sexual stereotypes restricting girls and women to specific limited roles. In high school these stereotypes meant that girls took Home Economics and boys too Shop, but in higher education, it often meant that women weren't even admitted to certain colleges or certain programs within colleges.

Students and graduates of these military academies fought bitterly against the admission of women. Long standing practices and prejudices came head to head against the vocal new brand of feminists. When Congress made its decision, the academies had no choice but to comply, but they did so grudgingly.

The Air Force Academy presented the newly admitted women as the best of the best, just as it presented its men. West Point made no such efforts and made it clear that it would be business as usual. Women cadets were on their own, and the men made sure they knew it. Annapolis Naval Academy expected women to blend in and become invisible if possible. Needless to say, the Air Force Academy's plan worked best, with its intentional plan for a smooth transition.

In all of the schools, however, early classes of women were treated harshly. Male cadets made it a contest to see who could be the first to make a woman cry, and the woman who did cry was considered by other cadets to be further unsuited for the academy. Sexist remarks and condemnations were routine for the female cadets. Service academies are tough at best, with rigorous athletic, military and academic requirements. With their added difficulties, it is impressive that there were women who did manage to graduate from the first classes at each of the three academies.

Women who graduate from the academies have always been remarkable scholars and soldiers. In the first years following their admission to the academies women were not allowed to pursue career paths that involved combat, but that restriction has since been lifted.


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Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell: first woman medical doctor

Elizabeth Blackwell was born on February 3, 1821 near Bristol, England. Her parents were Samuel and Hannah Blackwell, who were wealthy owners of a sugar refinery. Elizabeth was educated at home because her family did not belong to the Church of England, which controlled the schools.

When the family’s sugar refining business burned down in 1832, the family moved to America. The family settled in New York City where Blackwell’s father became involved in the antislavery movement. After suffering financial losses in 1838, the family moved to Cincinnati, Ohio. Shortly after arriving in Ohio, Blackwell’s father died and her mother opened a boarding school to support the family. Blackwell taught at the school for four years.

The turning point in Blackwell’s life came after a conversation she had with a friend who was dying of cancer. Her friend believed that women physicians would be better able to care for women patients. She encouraged Elizabeth to study medicine. Elizabeth was at first reluctant, but because of her belief in the education of women, she decided to pursue a career in medicine. In her autobiography, she wrote, “The idea of winning a doctor’s degree gradually assumed the aspect of a great moral struggle, and the moral fight possessed immense attraction for me.”

Blackwell taught in North and South Carolina schools to pay for medical school. She studied privately with male physicians and began to apply to medical schools in 1847. After being rejected by major medical schools, she was accepted by the Geneva Medical College in New York State. When Blackwell was first admitted to the College, she was not taken seriously. However, as a result of her intelligence and determination, she became one of the most admired students in her class. In 1849, she graduated and became the first woman medical doctor.

Blackwell desired to become a surgeon and went to France to further her medical studies. France was a leader in the field of clinical medicine. French physicians believed in carefully observing and examining patients in order to diagnose them properly. They used several new instruments to perform their examinations such as the stethoscope for listening to the heart. Blackwell was unable to pursue her studies because of a tragic accident. While washing the infected eye of a patient, contaminated fluid spattered into her own eye. Her eye became infected and she lost sight in it.

In 1851, after the accident, Blackwell returned to New York. She was unable to find work in a hospital or clinic as a physician because she was a woman. She spent her time instead writing and lecturing on the subject of preventive medicine. She was an advocate for proper nutrition and sanitation practices. To keep her company, she adopted an Irish orphan named Kitty Barry. Kitty remained a devoted child to Blackwell throughout her life.

At one of Dr. Blackwell’s lectures, some Quaker women in the audience decided to become her patients. She became well-known and her practice grew. In 1853, she established a clinic for poor women. Blackwell’s sister, Emily, had also become a physician and she joined her at the clinic. In 1857, the clinic became the New York Infirmary for Women and Children.

Blackwell spent several years planning for the establishment of a medical school for women. In 1868, she succeeded, and the Woman’s Medical College of the New York Infirmary opened. Blackwell instituted high standards for the college. She offered entrance examinations, conducted a three-year course of study, provided students with practical clinical experience and created an independent examining board of prominent physicians.

After establishing the hospital, Blackwell had her sister take over the administration. Blackwell returned to England where she spent the remainder of her life. In 1857, she became char of gynecology at the London School of Medicine for Women in England. In 1907, Dr. Blackwell fell down a flight of stairs and never recovered. She died on May 31, 1910. Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell was a pioneer for women in the field of medicine and because of her contributions to providing medical training for women, the profession has been greatly enhanced.





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How to impress real women

Men are still faced with the age old question; what do women really want? It seems like all of the rules are changing. Political correctness is everywhere. Does it mean that women don't want men to be men? Does it mean that everyone should be the same? No! Equal but different is the real way REAL women want to be viewed.

Writing as a wife, mom, and career woman, I want men to know how to really impress real women. I want my son to know how to do this when he comes of age. Real women want to be loved, protected, respected, romanced, and desired. We want men to love us for who we are, not for what the fashion magazines say we should be.

So, how do you guys impress a real woman? Treat her like a woman! Tell her how wonderful she looks. Talk to her as if she were an equal. Value her opinions. Compliment her on her figure.

Buy her flowers. Buy her jewelry. Be romantic. Make time just for the two of you.

Why do so called bad boys get so many women? Not because they're bad boys, but because they are good at romancing women. They make a woman feel special. They make a woman feel like she's the only one in the world when she's with them. Believe me, I know. I dated my share of bad boys.

I didn't marry one, though. I married a man who most people would consider to be one of those so called nice guys that finish last. He is much more than a nice guy, however. He has a good job, believes in fidelity, is secure with his own sexuality, and makes me feel like his queen.

What impressed me about him? He spoke directly to me. He spoke to me as if I had an IQ. Still, he let me know he was the man and I was the woman.

He opens doors. He mows the lawn. He also cooks from time to time, and even does laundry once in a while. He takes the time to please me in bed, which impresses any woman, guys!

So, let's recap, men. How do you impress a REAL woman? Do blur the gender roles. Be a man. Do treat women like they're special. Don't treat them like they're subservient. Do your best to blend the best of the bad boy's techniques, with the strengths of the nice guy's morals. It works.

Don't let chivalry fall victim to political correctness. Treat that real woman your heart desires like a lady, you'll impress her for sure.


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Advice for working mothers: myths and realities

MYTH: Mothers who choose to work are selfish because they are not putting the needs of their children first.

Some women work because they enjoy their career, and working simply makes them happier people. This does not make them any more selfish than a father who works at a career. The fact is that working mothers are statistically healthier and suffer less from depression than non-working mothers. If a mother is truly unhappy, the child will become aware of this and it will put a strain on the child/parent relationship, even if the mother is home. If a woman finds self-fulfillment in a career and pursues it, there will only be more of herself to give to her baby, not less. As long as the child is in a nurturing, safe, loving environment while the mother is at work, and the mother makes it a point to set aside quality time to spend with the child, a mother who works by choice is not depriving her child any more than a mother who works by necessity.

In addition, a working mother is setting an example for their children about learning how to balance responsibilities, taking pride in one’s work and the importance of being a productive, self-relying individual. If a woman needs to work, out of financial necessity or for personal fulfillment, she need not feel guilty for her choice.

MYTH: Unless your family is rich, you need to go to work.

REALITY: Most mothers who work do work claim to work out of necessity rather than choice. They simply feel that a second income is imperative in order to pay bills and provide basic necessities to their family. For a single mother, this is probably true. However, in a two-parent, two-income family, the choice to work must be examined very carefully.

The sad truth is, a lot of mothers who work, wish that they didn’t have to. And what is sadder is, they may not realize that they probably don’t have to. If you happen to be one of those mothers who dreams of being a stay-at-home-mom, consider this: by working, are you really coming out ahead?

A lot needs to be analyzed to answer this question. First, you must add up all of the expenses that come from working. Obvious expenses are day care/baby sitters, travel costs, and work clothing/supplies. But there are many hidden costs to take into consideration. For example, does your family eat out more because you work? Do you find yourself paying higher bills for services that you don’t have time to do yourself or wouldn’t need if you weren’t working, such as laundry, dry cleaning, lawn care and basic home upkeep/repairs? Don’t forget that you cannot take tax deductions on your second income, yet it may be pushing your family into a higher tax bracket. When you compare all of these things to your weekly salary, are you really coming out ahead? The sad reality is that, especially in lower income jobs, many women actually come out behind– it can cost more to work than to stay home.

If you find that staying home would allow you to cut out expenses (day care, travel, extra vehicle payments/insurance, eating out, convenience services, etc.) that are equal to or more than your salary, you could probably arrange to quit or cut down on work. If that is what you want to do, don’t let anyone guilt you into keeping a job you don’t want.

MYTH: A child’s home life must be very bad if he prefers day care.

REALITY: Advocates of stay-at-home mothering will pull out the debate on how a happy child could not possibly prefer an institution to his own home with his mother. However, think about this: do you go to work, or visit with your friends, because your home life is miserable? Probably not. So why should your children only want to get out because they don’t like being home with you?

Look at a model of a good day care: it is clean, cheerful, stocked with toys, filled with a caring staff and other children to play with, and lots of enjoyable activities available. Doesn’t exactly sound like a pit of despair, does it? If your child enjoys day care, don’t feel guilty that you haven’t been able to stay home and create a wonderland– be happy that both you and your child are satisfied with your situation.

MYTH: If a mother goes back to work too soon, her baby will not bond with her adequately.

REALITY: The mother/child bond is forged by quality time together, not quantity. A working mother has to learn to ration her time and balance her responsibilities, but as long as a child receives love and attention from mother when she is around, bonding will take place.

The reality is that a woman who stays home with her children is not automatically a good parent. Good parenting is not about where you spend your day, but how you spend it. Working hard at making a good life for yourself and your children is what is important. If you care about your child, make sure that she is happy and in a nurturing environment when you are not around, and that you are setting aside enough quality time for her, your child will know that you care and won’t be able to help bonding with you.

MYTH: Working mothers cannot continue to breast feed their babies. It is too difficult.

REALITY: A woman can continue to breast feed when she goes back to work, all she needs to do is a little preparation. There are many good breast pumps on the market that can express milk within 15 minutes. A woman can express milk on her breaks, keep her breast milk in a refrigerator or cooler, and freeze it for up to three months.

Like any other aspect of a working mother’s life, breast feeding can become a part of it with balance and planning.


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Working women: how to dress for a professional job interview

When you go into a professional job interview, you have to look the part. Of course, your skill set and your educational and vocational background is important, but if you don't make a good first impression on your interviewer, you aren't going to get the job. It is important that you can strike a balance between attractiveness and professionalism. In a perfect world, your looks wouldn’t factor into your attractiveness to a potential employer, but we don’t live in a perfect world. We live in the real world, and in the real world, there is no such thing as true objectivity. When you see your potential employer, you are going to form opinions in your mind about that person based on the way he or she looks. It is just human nature. Make it work to your advantage by grooming yourself and dressing in such a way that your look conveys your aptitude for the position.

Working women have a unique challenge in the professional world. They are expected to be fashionable while at the same time looking businesslike and “serious.” Some women take the serious side too far. You do not need to wear your hair back in a tight bun with a pencil through it. You do not need to wear aquamarine power skirt suits every week that hide your figure as if designed with a burlap sack in mind. You are a woman, and you should look like a woman, not a man. Maybe twenty years ago it was necessary to achieve a level of masculinity as a working woman in order to gain the respect of sexist male colleagues, but nowadays, woman are vital to the workforce, and there is no reason to understate that fact with your wardrobe.

When you are interviewing for a highly desirable professional position, you need to make sure that you leave a lasting impression with your interviewer or interviewers. One of the easiest ways to stand out in a crowd is by adding a splash of color to your wardrobe. Don’t go overboard – by a “splash” of color I mean that you should have one article of clothing that is bright, not an entire bright red outfit. If you wear any overtly colorful outfit your clothing will actually be distracting, and it could hinder you success at the interview. Consider this: a navy-colored tweed skirt with matching sport coat, topped off with a crimson scarf. Navy is a great job interview color because it symbolizes loyalty and trustworthiness, and the splash of color will give you a memorable accent. Also, on a subconscious level, the bright crimson scarf against the deep navy blue will make you look bold, assertive and outgoing.

Many women worry that they are expected to wear a dress or skirt to a job interview. If you are a pants-only kind of lady, you don’t need to change your style just to get a job. In fact, women who never wear skirts or dresses often feel uncomfortable – and more importantly look uncomfortable – when they have to put on a dress or skirt. You want to feel confident and self-assured, and wearing something that you do not feel “yourself” in is only going to make you feel flustered at the interview. Wear a dressy pair of pants. Obviously, you aren’t going to show up in jeans or your favorite worn-out khakis. However, a pair of straight-legged or pleated black, gray, tan or navy pants can be part of your professional look. Remember, just because you are wearing pants, that doesn’t mean you should ditch the heels.

Most importantly, you want to look fresh and polished. Your clothes should be pressed. Wrinkles are a sign of laziness, and that is the last attribute you want to have associated with you at a job interview. Make sure that your hair is as shiny as can be – no flyaways! Your make-up should be more on the natural side than the glamorous side, with the exception of either a bright lipstick or bold eye color (not both at once). Also, matching jewelry will make you look very organized and meticulous, so try to wear matching bracelet, earrings, and necklace. You want to look like you are a very together working woman, and by bringing together your outfit, hairstyle, makeup, and jewelry, that is the very image you are sure to project.


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Myra Bradwell: America's first woman lawyer

Myra Colby Bradwell was born on February 12, 1831 in Manchester, Vermont. She attended schools in Kenosha, Wisconsin and Elgin. She taught school after graduation. In 1852, she married James B. Bradwell and they operated a private school in Memphis, Tennessee. In 1855, her husband was admitted to the Chicago bar and became a successful lawyer, judge and in 1873 was elected to the state legislature.

In 1868, Myra Bradwell established the Chicago Legal News, and was the business and editorial manager. This legal newspaper soon gained notoriety as a significant publication. In the Legal News, Bradwell published information about court opinions, laws, and ordinances, which were admissible in court. The paper also supported many reforms such as woman suffrage, efforts to gain employment for women attorneys, improvement of court systems, and railroad regulation. In her paper, she published a three volume entitled “History of Woman Suffrage,” which was edited by women’s rights activists Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony and Matilda Joslyn Gage. This volume discussed women’s patriotism, beginning with the American Revolution and continuing to the efforts for suffrage. In a November 7, 1869 edition of the Chicago Legal News, Bradwell wrote about her philosophy of how suffrage would be achieved,

“You ask us, how shall this great privilege be obtained for women? We will tell you. Not by the class who term man ‘a tyrant’—but by the sensible and devoted mothers, wives and daughters of the state unifying together, we mean those who have the respect and love of their fathers, husbands and brothers, and asking them that they give to women the right to vote.”

Bradwell often used humor to make her point and felt that it was effective in the courtroom. In the April 3, 1880 edition of the Legal News, she said, “A lawyer’s wit sometimes, does more than enliven a dull hour in court. It so opens the eyes for the Judge that he sees with clearness a point that otherwise he would have ignored.”

In addition to her activities as owner and editor of the Chicago Legal News, Bradwell assisted in securing the passage of the 1869 bill that gave married women the right to retain their own wages and protect the rights of widows. Bradwell and her husband participated in the organization of Chicago’s first woman suffrage convention and the founding of Cleveland’s American Woman Suffrage Association.

In 1869, Bradwell passed the Illinois Bar Exam with honors. She then applied to the Illinois Supreme court for admission to the bar. The court refused her application because she was a woman. The decision was upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in Bradwell v. Illinois. The opinion of Justice Bradley in the case reflected the nineteenth century society belief about women not participating in the workforce, he said,

“The civil law, as well as nature itself, has always recognized a wide difference in the respective spheres and destinies of man and woman. Man is, or should be, woman’s protector and defender. The natural and proper timidity and delicacy which belongs to the female sex evidently unfits it for many of the occupations of civil life. The constitution of the family organization, which is founded in the divine ordinance, as well as in the nature of things, indicates the domestic sphere as that which properly belongs to the domain and functions of womanhood. The harmony, not to say the identity, of interests and views which belong, or should belong, to the family institution is repugnant to the idea for a woman adopting a distinct and independent career from that of her husband…for these reasons I think that the laws of Illinois now complained of are not obnoxious to the charge of any abridging any of the privileges and immunities of cities of the United States.”

Eventually, Illinois changed the rules for admitting women to the bar. In 1890, Bradwell was admitted to the Illinois bar and in 1892, she received a license to practice before the U.S. Supreme Court.

Myra Bradwell died on February 14, 1894. Her daughter, Bessie Bradwell Helmer continued her mother’s work with a career in law and publication of the Chicago Legal News. The tribute to Bradwell in the February 24, 1894 edition of the Chicago Legal News stated, “The future historian will accord her the breaking of the chain that bound woman (sic) to a life of household drudgery. She opened the door of the professions to her sex, and compelled law makers and judges as well, to proclaim that it was not a crime to be born a woman.”


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Career Tips: Information on midwife or doula

A Doula is a person, usually a woman, who assists another woman shortly before, during, and after labor. The word Doula comes from a Greek word and loosely translates to, “caretaker of women."

The decision to become a Doula is a personal one. It is one chosen out of love for other human beings, to help them in what is probably the most vulnerable time of their lives. Giving birth.

No matter how much research a woman does about the birth process, nothing can prepare a woman for the actual event. Though birth is a natural process, it remains to be scary for many women. It is a time when a woman can feel virtually helpless, and needs someone there on her side to look out for her.

I am not saying that the doctors, and nurses are not there to help the woman, but that these people have a greater job to do, than comfort the patient. They not only have to see to the care of the laboring woman, but also the shortly emerging baby.

This is where the Doula comes in. She is there for the mom-to-be. That is the Doula’s main concern. She is aware of many of the things that go on during birth, but her main concern is to make the woman as comfortable as possible during labor.

Many fathers are concerned that having a Doula will leave them out of the birthing process. Quite the contrary, the Doula wants the father to be as involved as possible. Men who have voiced this concern before the birth, have come back after the birth, and said just how much they appreciated the Doula being there. They felt less pressure on them, to do or say the right thing. The Doula lets them know that what they need to be doing. The Doula is there to help the mother when the father needs a break. Most fathers say that they would prefer a Doula at a future birth.

A Doula typically visits a couple of times before the baby is due to talk to the parents and answer any questions they may have about the birth. The Doula finds out what the mother expects from the birth (for example, if the mother wants to move around during labor, what kinds of measures the mother is comfortable with, etc.).

The Doula questions the mother about preferences she may have. A big question is whether the mother will want any type of medications for the labor, and if so, at what point she may want them.

The Doula does not tell the woman what she should do, but rather lets the mother/father be aware of options they may have. The Doula lets the mother make all the decisions she needs for her own birth and will support whatever decision the mother makes.

After the birth of the baby, the Doula helps the mother with breastfeeding if this is what the mother has chosen. She will stay after the birth as long as the mother needs or wants.

About a week or so after the baby arrives, the Doula meets with the mother/father to answer any questions they may have about the birth. Sometimes during labor, a laboring woman’s perceptions of time, or what was said, or what happened is slightly off due to the amount of concentration she had put into the birth. The mother/father and Doula can talk about what was done and why.

Mostly, the Doula reassures the woman that her birth experience was perfect for her. That she did what she thought was right for both her and her baby. Sometimes the birth doesn’t go exactly as planned in the beginning, and the mother feels as if she did something wrong. The Doula lets the woman know that the choices she made were correct and that her birth was a wonderful experience.

If you choose to be a Doula, you won't become financially rich, but you will become rich in every other way that counts. Being a Doula has to be one of the most fulfilling jobs there can be. How many miracles in life do you usually get to see? When you are a Doula, you get to see as many miracles as the births you attend.


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Career development activities for women: improving your career

Since the mid-20th century, women have entered the work force in an increasingly steady stream. Yet, many still do not receive the same salary levels and benefit plans as their male counterparts.

If you are a woman who is ready to accelerate your professional development in a given career, here are a few tips to consider that have worked for other women:

First, be sure your job skills fit with your current position as well as the next position on the job ladder that you want to reach. If you are having a hard time meeting deadlines and completing tasks in a way that impresses your supervisor, you should move into a lateral position where you can overcome these obstacles and prove yourself ready for the next challenge. Be sure your successes are documented by others or yourself by seeking a co-worker's written evaluation or adding a client's letter of praise to your personnel file.

Watch for opportunities to use your skills to the company's advantage. Volunteer for occasional overtime projects or offer to help train a new staff member. You may wish to offer a workshop or seminar in your field of expertise, which will brand you an authority for future consideration.

Seek a mentor who can share advice, insight, and company history to help you plan a career path. Invite your prospective guide to lunch and let him or her know that you would appreciate career guidelines that may be available. A day or two later, send a follow-up note of thanks. Such courtesy informally underscores the mark of a professional.

Share opinions, suggestions, and concerns with decision makers in the company. At meetings where women sometimes are outnumbered by men who can communicate more aggressively, watch your chance to speak up, or prepare a written proposal ahead of time and distribute it at the meeting. If you still have problems getting others to listen, particularly longstanding male employees, band with another woman or two and arrange a meeting with your supervisor to share ideas.

Avoid "borrowing" traditionally male assertiveness characteristics such as raising your voice, using profanity, or taking a condescending approach to those who work under your direction. Instead, maintain a direct communication style with eye contact and a calm, firm voice to get your point across.

Be visible in your organization. Chair or serve on committees, contribute items to the newsletter, and volunteer to organize employee activities, extracurricular or otherwise. Active, likable people tend to be viewed as natural leaders by co-workers, and may be nominated for leading roles that become available.

Cultivate a leader's style. Those seeking promotion should begin to dress and act like someone in the sought position. Dress smartly, think shrewdly, act professionally. Depending on your company's organizational style, you may choose to adopt a "servant leader" persona, or perhaps a Machiavellian-type approach.

Take a management class at the local community college, or pick up a book or two on the topic. Knowing the names, theories, and successes of national and international leaders can earn you a label of being someone in the know.

Be prepared to ask for what you deserve, whether it be a raise, a promotion, or a change of duties that may require flex time or technical support. Never assume your good deeds will be automatically noticed and rewarded. They may, but chances are you will have to take an upbeat but proactive approach to seeking recognition and advancement.

Women have never had it so good in the American economy as they do today, yet progress is needed to put them on equal footing with male co-workers. As you plan a professional development program, try tips like these to maximize your chances of success.


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Career planning and development for women

As a woman who works outside the home, are you making the most of the employment challenges, choices and opportunities that exist for you? If not, it may be due to a lack of career planning.

Career planning for is about more than just looking for a job—it's about looking at your life and deciding how you want to live it; it is how work will help you do that. Effective career planning can help you out of feeling powerlessness, it can give you a strong foundation for making choices, and help you appreciate yourself and your abilities more. Here's what you need to do to put together an effective career plan:

* Explore your options. Look at your skills and sort out the ones you don't enjoy doing from the ones that you do. Use that as your springboard to identify careers that may be appropriate for you.

* Use a holistic approach. There is no longer a standard career planning model. Create your own model by looking at each part of your life and answering the question: "How much time and energy do I want to give to each of these?" That will help you focus your career search more tightly and find work that doesn't throw your life off balance.

* Prioritize the issues in your life by assessing all of your roles and the impact they have on you. Remember, career planning is not done to make a work choice but to help you decide how you want to live your life and find work that will help you to do that.

* Change the question you're asking from "What jobs exist that I can do?" to "What jobs exist that will fit my needs?" The way to do this is to look at your values, needs, barriers, inhibitors and motivators. That will go a long way in helping you to choose a fulfilling career instead of just falling into a job or taking what someone else gives you, without consideration for what you want.

* Set goals, write a plan of action and implement it. You may need some help in shaping your final career plan and implementing strategies for a successful search. There are many free and low cost services to help you do that. Look in your local Yellow Pages under career planning or career counseling and seek out agencies or organizations that work with women. Check with the extension service of the land grant university in your state. And don't forget the World Wide Web. Use your favorite search engine, type in "career planning for women," and select the site most useful for you.

Career planning is one of the most important things a you can do for yourself. Personal empowerment is a key byproduct of effective career planning. Your increased awareness of your choices will lead to greater control of your life because you will see your options more clearly and exercise them more decidedly.


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Women's Perspectives Changing Business - Startup, Entrepreneurship

I just finished reading an article written by a good friend of mine who coaches companies and their employees to better performance. In this particular article, he was discussing women in business and the different set of attributes they bring into the workplace. And it got me to thinking.

For a long time, women in competitive careers were led to believe (and many times rightly so) that they had to "play a man's game" in order to progress and succeed in business. And though for years, women have been successful in business playing by "man-rules", it's absolutely not necessary, nor good advice for today's success.

What we now know of course, is that men and women may have different perspectives and approaches to business. But either can be successful in the entrepreneurial arena without giving up or giving over their own unique abilities.

Men and women have various attributes in common that are of benefit in the corporate realm, however, women are at their unquestionable best when we use the characteristics and attributes that are unique to us. And, employing those attributes to our own enterprises can make a good business an absolutely phenomenal success. Examples of the unique perspectives of female entrepreneurs can be found in niche markets such as catering, personal shopping or commercial construction cleanup just to name a few.

For those of you women who are about to delve into the world of entrepreneurship and are considering the type of business enterprise that you want to develop, here are some thoughts:

First, and most important for both women and men, is do what you love. There is something in you, something you're truly passionate about. Find a way to turn that passion into a business.

I've no doubt that you have probably heard that advice before, it's certainly not new. But there are several reasons that it is important. One, when you're involved in doing something you truly love, your passion is one of your greatest assets in driving your business. When you interact with others about the focus of your passion, you're animated, interesting and convincing in ways that would take much more time to practice and develop otherwise.

Passion causes you to be much more motivated, in fact you become what could be called "ultra" motivated. This is key, especially during the period before the money starts rolling in. For you to work an 8-hour day after you've already worked an 8-hour day for someone else (something all women know a little bit about), you have to be highly motivated. While you're building your business (and most people start businesses while they're still earning their grocery money from an outside employer), you have to have a powerful reason that causes you stay up working until 3:00AM, when you have to be up at 6:00AM to go to your "day job".

Another reason for developing your business from your passion is that whatever it is you're passionate about, more than likely you're an expert on. You've been reading and reviewing information on the subject for years. You've taken trips, visited sites, and participated in activities or events having to do with the object of your passion. You've already become involved in or developed some type of "network" (and ladies, we all know how to network) of other like-minded individuals who are as interested and passionate about your interest as you are. These are all excellent resources for you and for your clientele as you establish your business. It also greatly shortens or eliminates any learning curve relative to your business product or service knowledge to free you to concentrate on building the business itself.

In addition to pursuing your passion, another idea to keep in mind is that in the beginning, as you brainstorm ideas for your business development, let the sky be the limit. Use your wildest imagination to explore ideas and options. Don't begin the process of developing your enterprise by making a laundry list of all of the reasons that you can't do this. Find absolutely as many reasons as possible to demonstrate why you can!

Last, and this is very important, be very selective about listening to the advice of friends and relatives. While they ultimately mean well (at least most of the time), the people around you are used to you and your life as it is. And, they're comfortable with that. Whenever you contemplate change, especially the types of changes brought about through successful business ownership, people can get uncomfortable. And when people are forced out of their comfort zone, they will fight tooth and nail to get back to it. If that means discouraging you in the process, then so be it, too bad for you.

Don't fall prey to the fears and negativity of others. If you can't seem to be around positive and encouraging people, find a new group of people to be around. And, if that's not possible, then be your own best friend. Solitude is much sweeter than failure at the hands of selfish people.

Be encouraged by your history. For hundreds, even thousands of years, women have been successful entrepreneurs. Our unique mindset, viewpoints, attitudes and skills as women have all contributed to our successes in business. Let that be your legacy to a new generation, and bring your own bit of spice and flavor to the business table.
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By Kimberly Clay


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Black Women Entrepreneurs: The 7 Traits to an Exceptional & Successful Business

Black women entrepreneurs are turning their passions into profits. Black women entrepreneurs are starting exceptional and successful small businesses.
How often have you either referred to or considered the expression, "Success is a journey and not a Destination?" Probably many times, yet often being in a hurry to get there, we forget that success is not an end unto itself, but is instead an ongoing process.

Though some people seem to have the Midas touch and easily turn everything to gold, most of us have to give our endeavors lots of time, effort and the sweat of our brow before seeing things come to fruition. The simple truth is that the majority of us are simply not born leaders, but become leaders by who we are and the actions we take. Consequently, whether or not you’re an established entrepreneur or just starting out on your journey, there are particular traits you’ll usually find operating within the exceptional women entrepreneur. In fact there are 7 particular traits you’ll generally discover deeply embedded within the exceptional and successful businesswoman.

If you’ve already taken the plunge as an entrepreneur, you know that it takes a great deal of planning, development and strategic marketing to succeed. At any given time, there are changes to be considered and new directions to examine. In which case, whether you’re the CEO, CFO, Chief Marketer or Chief Solutions Officer of your company, your journey to success is probably full of trials and tribulations.

To support you in your journey to success, be willing to open your mind and sense of reasoning as you consider whether these traits are part of your driving force. If they are not yet ingrained within you, I recommend that you give them some thought.

THE 7 TRAITS TO SUCCESS

1) Successful Entrepreneurs Gain the Respect of their Peers

One of the first and most obvious characteristics you’ll see operating in an exceptional entrepreneur is an equitable and unbiased disposition . Plain and simple the successful entrepreneur recognizes that no one is above or below. With an attitude of respect for others, the successful entrepreneur gains the respect from everyone they encounter. Strategies, attitudes and methods filter down to each person and reflect on all actions and activities. A successful entrepreneur gives everyone the space to be great. No matter how effective or beneficial your expertise, becoming a successful entrepreneur requires building up of your character muscles, traits and habits, which correspondingly make your dreams a reality.

2) Successful Entrepreneurs Believe and Trust in Themselves

The savvy entrepreneur is good at trusting her own ideas and instincts. Starting out as an entrepreneur requires persistence, determination and a high level of self-discipline. Continuing as a successful entrepreneur requires even more persistence, determination and self-discipline. The wise and successful entrepreneur knows this and works hard at developing their level of confidence. If you have a strong code of ethics and believe in yourself, then your ideas can work. Having the desire and passion are the first steps on your journey; getting there requires believing in yourself.

3) Successful Entrepreneurs Follow a Plan

The successful entrepreneur follows a plan. Haphazard or trial and error have no place for the triumphant entrepreneur, for no one gets to her destination without a map or a guide to follow. That doesn’t mean you won’t go off course if another road seems better, but it’s still more effective to have a plan in place. Most successful entrepreneurs start out by writing a basic business plan that acts as the impetus and guide for their endeavors. It doesn’t have to be fancy or lengthy but it should include marketing strategies, goals, intentions, ideas and why you can do better than your competition. A business plan should be reviewed and updated periodically for each new idea stirs and inspires other ideas.

4) Successful Entrepreneurs Think Creatively

Successful entrepreneurs are not afraid of thinking creatively. Whether a business idea has already been tried makes no difference to the exceptional entrepreneur. She sees better ways of doing things and knows that every idea can be expanded upon, made better, enhanced or broadened . The successful entrepreneur is willing to think outside or the proverbial box, which means using imagination, trying new things and expanding on a vision. The savvy entrepreneur pays careful attention as to whether a particular strategy is working. If after giving it her best shot the entrepreneur realizes the particular strategy isn’t working, they know there’s no point in continuing to invest energy, time and effort in the strategy. They move on to another approach and idea.

5)Successful Entrepreneurs Explore Their Exceptional Skills

Successful entrepreneurs realize that we each have our strengths and weaknesses as well as a multitude of skills and talents. Successful people ask themselves often what skills they have that no one shares in quite the same way. An exceptional and successful entrepreneur explores their particular skills until they find the ones that match most closely with their ideal. They don’t try to be and do everything. If the successful entrepreneur needs help, they’re willing to find someone who can do it better, and allows in the support. The successful entrepreneur stays open to change for they recognize that as they move forward, doors open in unexpected places that carry them to their next level of success.

6) Successful Entrepreneurs Envision Their Success

The successful entrepreneur gives time to envisioning how they want their business to look and how they want it to be. Intention is a powerful and dynamic tool. For those who are not inclined towards intention and visualization, talk to a successful athlete and you’ll discover that before each sporting event, the successful athlete envisions exactly how he or she wants things to turn out. Imagine what it will feel like when you’ve reached a particular set of goals. Get in touch with the feelings, you’d have as a successful entrepreneur. Practice and conceive of the sense of empowerment and the joy of having succeeded. The successful entrepreneur knows they have the power to live life the way they want, but to make it a reality, they know it has to be seen first.

7) Successful Entrepreneurs Never Give Up

Giving up is never in the vocabulary of the successful woman entrepreneur. Of course there may be days when a successful entrepreneur feels discouraged or disappointed, but giving up is not an option. Having faith, trust, confidence and determination are the qualities needed for the successful entrepreneur. To keep their focus on track, they seek out the support of those that know them, encourage them and bring out their natural enthusiasm. The smart and successful entrepreneur realizes that there will be good days and not so good days. Being a successful woman entrepreneur requires accepting the ebbs and flows of business for it is in fact what separates the exceptional and successful entrepreneur from the one who gives up far too soon.

Robert Moment is an innovative small business coach and author of Invisible Profits: The Power of Exceptional Customer Service. Robert specializes in teaching small business owners actionable how to marketing ideas and strategies that generate profitable results.

By Robert Moment


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Business Loans for Women Go-Getters !

Business is a field that we usually associate with men. It is tough for a lady to survive in a world that is still in the shadows of patriarchical dominance.

But fortunately, to make the existence a little comfortable for you, lenders in UK offer 'business loans for women'. These loans give a woman the power to survive with brimming confidence.

With an easy terms and conditions business loan, you can

• start off your own business from a scratch
• give impetus to your existing business
• invest for further growth and expansion
• clear off all your past debts and loans
• also buy raw materials, tools and equipments
• meet requirements to run your business

Business Loans for women is gaining fast popularity in UK. The chief reasons for such fast popularity are easy availability, easy terms and conditions and attractive rates. Today most of lenders, banks and financial institutions in UK provide business loans to women.

There are two kinds of business loans for women: secured and unsecured.

Secured Business Loans for Women:

Secured business loans are your best bet. You can avail a bigger amount of money and that too at extremely low rates of interest. The terms and conditions are also quite favourable. You can repay back the loaned amount during a larger time period.
However in secured business loans, you need to place an asset as security with the lender. The asset can be anything like your home or property. This is a collateral and if your are unable to repay the lender has the right to foreclosure.
But don't worry, the terms and features of the secured business loans are so comfortable that you can repay back easily.

Unsecured Business Loans for Women:

If you do not have any such asset to keep as collateral, then you can go for unsecured business loans. The rates here are usually high. But with a little research online, you will surely get something that would suit your preferences.

So lady, get up and match your pace with others in the field of commerce, trade and business with business loans for women with easy terms and conditions.

Want to Apply for loans ?

By David Parker


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Super Moms Return to the Workplace

When Keisha Case decided it was time to go back to work and join the legion of working mothers, it wasn’t whether or not to return that was the tough decision – it was what to do.

"My decision to get back in the workplace was mostly financial but when I look back I realize it had much to do with my education, too," said Keisha, a working mother of one and former globe-trotting student and educator. "I wanted to be able to contribute to our family income but still stay at home during the day with my son. Some of my suggestions got shot down by family but other ideas got a better response."

So Keisha began a job working from home managing a company called About Town Moms, a tight-knit organization that led moms and their wee ones on historical neighborhood walks, private museum tours and other cultural adventures. Then Keisha added another job to her already hectic day, delivering ads as a field representative for a company called News America; she landed the gig through SnagAJob.com.

"The major challenge is time," Keisha said of her new life. "I feel like I run around all day but by the end of the day I sleep really well knowing that I am helping my family financially, raising my son during the day and staying in the workforce. Many people call me a super mom but I have always been happiest when I feel like I’m helping others."

Keisha’s story is echoed around the country as moms look for jobs for reasons ranging from financial to self-improvement. And there’s one common theme among all these different tales – motherhood is tough enough, and working while rearing the kiddies is an even more difficult balancing act.

But it can be done. Here are some tips:

Sell your mommy skills
Through all your motherly adventures, you may or may not have realized that you’ve acquired and grown a new set of skills. For example, what’s another name for fixing breakfast, changing junior’s diaper and paying some bills, all at the same time? That’s multi-tasking. And what about bargaining with the little ladies over an agreed upon bedtime? That’s you developing your patience and stellar negotiating skills. And finally, what separates you from the hotshot college graduate vying for the same job? Maturity.

If you still need convincing, then consider this: The job you’re doing now is likely to be more taxing than the job you’ll soon be doing. In fact, a recent study conducted by Salary.com

(http://www.salary.com/aboutus/layoutscripts/abtl_default.asp?tab=abt&cat=cat012&ser=ser041∂=Par640&isdefault=0) determined that when the typical stay-at-home mother’s duties are amassed – roles including cook, daycare center teacher and psychologist - she would be rewarded $140,000 a year for her 92-hour work weeks.

So don’t sell yourself short on your revamped résumé or during the interview; instead, leverage your motherly superpowers.

Getting over the guilt
It may not feel like it at the time, but you’re not the first mother to jump back into the working world, and you’re certainly not the first to have some reservations about making the jump. In fact, according to an ABC News "Good Morning America"/Good Housekeeping poll, 60 percent of moms with kids under 18 years of age are also out there collecting paychecks.

If you don’t find comfort in numbers, then here are a few other tips to help the transition.

• Choose a reasonable amount of time for work. Take baby steps, pun intended. There’s no reason to go from stay-at-home, unemployed mom to workaholic right away. Try an hourly and/or part-time job on for size and then decide if you want to super-size it to a career.

• Find qualified care. Whether you’re searching for the local babysitters’ club or visiting a never-ending slew of daycare providers, securing quality and affordable care for your children should be your first priority. Friends, relatives, schools, churches and family doctors are a great place to find reliable referrals for these services. If you’re shopping for daycare, be sure to check in with the state and local agencies responsible for health and safety licensing. Also, if you’re considering a home daycare situation, check for accreditation and other evaluation criteria through the National Association for Family Child Care (http://www.nafcc.org/).

A home away from home
If you choose to work from home, we know that part of that decision has to do with still being there to keep an eye on the kiddies. It makes sense; however, you still need to make sure you have your own designated space to do your work. If you don’t have the luxury of having an entire room as your office, search for an appropriate nook – try transforming an alcove or positioning your desk so that it’s facing a window and all your other concerns are a world away…three feet behind you. Also, most corporate environments have ergonomic experts to make sure your work tools are positioned in such a way that you won’t get carpal tunnel syndrome the first week on the job. You won’t have this luxury. So be sure to keep your eyes at least 20 inches from your computer screen, the monitor at eye level and your feet positioned firm on the ground. And don’t slouch.

So grab batteries for the baby monitor and pick up a new pair of pumps. A return to the workplace – whether it’s in your spare bedroom or down at the mall – isn’t as scary as you think.

About the Author
Mike Ward is the Senior Online Editor for SnagAJob.com, one of the nation’s largest job search websites, with more than 117 million annual searches. Headquartered in Richmond, Va., SnagAJob.com was started in 1999 to connect job seekers with great employment opportunities.

By Big Oak SEO


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Interim Management - Women Get Ahead

The number of female interim management executives is rising. This is one of the most notable trends discernible from our recent six-monthly survey of Impact Executives interim managers. The proportion of our interim managers who are women has risen steadily over the past few years, to 17%. But across the membership of the Interim Management Association (IMA), which comprises 31 providers of interim management services, including Impact Executives, the proportion of women is even higher – over 25%, according to the IMA’s most recent quarterly survey conducted by Ipsos MORI.

Our survey found that turnaround management and business restructuring continue to account for most interim assignments. But the IMA survey found that while ‘business improvement’ is the second most common reason for hiring interims, programme and project management account for 39% of all assignments.

The number of interim assignments lasting between four and 12 months is steadily rising, with the typical length of assignment being four to six months among Impact Executives candidates. Similarly, the IMA found that the average length of assignments is 130 billable days – considerably higher than last year.

Respondents to the Impact Executives survey believe that the public sector, followed by banking, insurance and financial services, are the areas where the use of interim managers will increase the most over the next twelve months.

Anticipated growth in public sector work augurs well for the fees interim managers can expect to earn while on assignment. While our own survey indicates that daily rates are nudging gently upwards, the IMA survey found that fees tend to be higher in the public sector – around £700 a day in non-departmental government bodies and central government for example, compared to around £600 in banking and finance and £550 in manufacturing and business services.

By Clive Sexton


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A Woman's Right to Choose If, How and When She Works

At last. At long last. In terms of sheer numbers of people there is no single equality issue facing Labour as great as the gap in power and money between men and women. Now, after years of campaigning, it looks as if the government may finally be grasping the scale of the issue. Tony Blair's weekend announcement of a women and work commission gives this generation its best chance so far of the great cultural shift millions of women so desperately need.

The commission was sold in the press as something rather less dramatic - a blow against the "sexism and the City" culture of the finance houses, which has led to large payouts after court cases about groping, and a sexist culture generally. Tackling that is worthwhile, though it is somehow no great surprise that the macho culture of the City is as bad, or even worse than, in the Football Association.

Nor should we underestimate the power of these stories to affect lower-octane, less highly paid jobs. Every designer-suited woman who fights for her rights with the Porsche-driving, transatlantic big boys of the Square Mile, and wins, is being observed by millions of ordinary female office workers, quietly applying the same logic to their own situation. But simply to focus more attention on a handful of premier league cases would be a terrible failure of nerve. It is very easy for a government to crossly point the finger at a few high-profile cases. The real politics of women and work is much more important, and much tougher too.

The pay gap remains a monstrous injustice, but it is an injustice that has become structural and embedded right across the economy. Tackling pay, and the childcare issues around it, will provoke a major protest from the very same business interests New Labour has been so careful to woo for so long. Even women working full-time earn on average 18% less than their male counterparts. For women working part-time the gap is an astonishing 40%. It has narrowed since Labour came to power, partly because of the minimum wage. But the narrowing has been, frankly, pathetic in scale.

With far more women working than 30 years ago - the female employment rate is now 70% against 42% in 1971 - Labour has come nowhere near achieving wage equality. And this failure has nothing to do with education, since girls are doing far better than boys at almost every level where it counts.

The commission will have to look both at the politics of the workplace, and at wider cultural arguments, particularly around childcare and what the good life really means. There is no doubt that the areas where women work - education, health, public administration, hotels, catering - tend to be lower paid than, say, manufacturing or financial services. But women are disproportionately stuck in certain sectors because the rest of the economy has been so bad at offering flexible working, and so insensitive about the physical demands of childbearing and rearing, regarded by too many male managers as some kind of weird personal hobby.

A stronger governmental drive on flexible working for fathers and mothers, pushing an agenda that accepts child-rearing as central to any healthy society, would get women into a wider variety of jobs and would, by that alone, begin to close the pay gap. It is fundamentally wrong that a limited number of public sector employees are taking the strain of offering decent maternity and paternity deals, giving much of the private sector a free ride.

This cultural change is the sort of crusade which could help snuff out growing female cynicism about New Labour. I only hope that Tony Blair and Gordon Brown, when accepting Patricia Hewitt's case for the new commission, realised that it conflicts with their own favoured US economic model of long hours and burn-out employment.

Forget the odd Ukip Neanderthal who wants women to spend longer cleaning behind the fridge. The opposition will come from powerful business interests. But it may also come from some women.

I belong to the generation of women who grew up seeing their mothers frustrated and bored by domestic drudgery. They were often women who had been well educated and who had aspirations for more interesting lives but who found the post-war labour market didn't offer them anything like the opportunities we have today. They were the women whose lives, and in my case exhortations, formed the feminism of my generation.

Eloquent, often strident, but eventually glib, we thought we'd won the war in less than a decade. We would "have it all". We would hold down good jobs while simultaneously raising liberated, thoughtful children in partnership with the new men who would be happy to work fewer hours but more efficiently, and share the chores at home. Yes, there was a sex war. But we had won it.

This was, broadly speaking, a lie. We won many battles. We won legislative battles, battles over abortion and the grosser forms of sexual chauvinism. Many of us did get through university and did get good jobs. We are inclined to beat ourselves up over our children, but generally, we did a fair enough job there too. The trouble was, the labour market did not change enough, and men did not change enough, and because of that millions of women felt horribly let down. It was as if we had won the form of the victory without the substance. Our lives were very different from the myth of terrifying superwomen: a perpetual round of exhaustion and guilt.

Now the post-feminists are rising in influence, as eloquent as we once were. And as glib. They proclaim the values of home-making and child-rearing against the brittle, shallow world of work. Perhaps their misty-eyed view of domesticity, a Nigella-ish fantasy of freshly baked muffins, developed because they did not see the deep frustration of postwar mothers. They are revisiting abortion, asking whether childcare is the answer, and seem readier to accept that boys will be boys.

This inter-generational feminist argument can become angry and personal. No one should try to take away a woman's right to choose, to work full-time, part-time, flexibly or not at all. But without a stronger push towards equality, there won't be a proper choice.

We need the new commission to push forward because of the millions of women who need better lives, fairer pay, more interesting job choices and less drudgery. For my generation it is about keeping faith with our mothers and changing the culture that treats women as second-class citizens. It is about persuading the business world, and the post-feminist younger sisters, that life need not be so tough for working women. A government which tried to do that would be worth re-electing.

© Guardian News & Media 2008
Published: 7/29/2004
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Her Horizon!!

"If you want something said, ask a man; if you want something done, ask a woman." Margaret Thatcher

God's plan is that one-man and one-woman equal standing before him but of different roles should be bonded together as one. Woman has been given one of the greatest privileges in the world, that of molding and nurturing a living soul.

She has best qualities, she has gentler and soft nature, love, humanity, motherhood, capacity for giving and that’s why she hating wars, and destruction of the surroundings.

Her Struggle

Timothy Leary says "Women who seek to be equal with men lack ambition." A woman is yet struggling to stand apart in the men’s world. You cannot deny on fact that girls are not given even the proper education in the most of the corners of the world.

Irrespective of given chances to her go ahead, she struggles hard once she realizes which steps are more intelligent and effective to take.

She is breaking the invisible barriers and emerging successful due to the power within herself that has helped her in realizing her dreams, and achieving the goals. The role and influence of the woman in the home has been so altered over the past few decades that it is more and more likely that fewer and fewer children will be able to "rise up and call her blessed" as did Mr. Eisenhower.

Her Roles

Most spiritual and responsible role does she play is of being a mother. Rather saying anything more, I would like to repeat what Dave Barry said, ""If a woman has to choose between catching a fly ball and saving an infant's life, she will choose to save the infant's life without even considering if there are men on base."

She is almost all rounder in her life. She is almost in every profession. She is the sheltered at home providing the constancy to the household and family. Just after entering in to home, she immediately immerses herself in cooking, cleaning, washing dishes, etc. She plays role of the super-responsible and super-capable person to establish her self-worth.

Her inner strength, her staying power and her drive to shine steers the future of the family and the nation. She is juggling successfully with the various roles she has to play both in and out of home. The pattern of men taking the leadership and women following will bring a blessing to single women as well as married women, to daughters as well as wives.

Joan Baez says "Instead of getting hard ourselves and trying to compete, women should try to give their best qualities to men - bring them softness, teach them how to cry." Although man society carries dominance over her, her role has been always significant in man’s life. Woman has played her best role in building a man. Every successful man sings songs of the lady standing behind her as wife, mother, sister or friend. Woman was taken out of man; not out of his head to top him, nor out of his feet to be trampled underfoot; but out of his side to be equal to him, under his arm to be protected, and near his heart to be loved.

In the Garden of Eden, God said, "It is not good that the man should be alone," and He made a help meet for him-a companion, someone to satisfy his needs (Genesis 2:18).

Her Realization

"Because I am a woman, I must make unusual efforts to succeed. If I fail, no one will say, "She doesn't have what it takes"; they will say, "Women don't have what it takes", said Clare Luce

The women are gradually realizing and experiencing their true strengths and enormous potentials. The time has come for her of today to rise and reassert her combined strength, work against all chances and be a woman of theme.

Humanism

We cannot go further with more differentiation. Believing in truly humanism is to give everyone equal opportunities irrespective of gender too. Gloria Steinem says, "This is no simple reform. It really is a revolution. Sex and race because they are easy and visible differences have been the primary ways of organizing human beings into superior and inferior groups and into the cheap labor in which this system still depends. We are talking about a society in which there will be no roles other than those chosen or those earned. We are really talking about humanism."

Biblical principles regarding the various roles of women that have guided us well in the past are now being ignored. Relying more and more on subjective feelings rather than objective truth, an attempt is being made to re-define women's roles by ignoring the Divine will.

Word From Last Para!!

"A woman who loves other woman...Appreciates and prefers woman culture, woman's emotional flexibility... and woman's strength... Loves the spirit... Loves herself, regardless" - Alice Walker

By Jay C


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