Confronting the Gender Gap in Wages

Written by Deborah Kolb, Judith Williams, and Carol Frohlinger

Tuesday, 14 April 2009 20:22

Women are winning the numbers game in the workforce. They now fill almost half of the country’s managerial jobs. In 1999, about 60% of females, 16 years of age or older, worked outside the home, up from 20% at the turn of the century. Source: Business Week Despite equal representation among the ranks of wage earners, however, women continue to come up short in their paychecks. For the past two decades, optimists could take solace in the narrowing wage gap. For every dollar earned by a white man, a white woman now earns $.78. This figure represents a big improvement from the $.63 white women earned relative to white men in 1975. Source: US Department of Labor But recent trends give us reason for concern. The rate of improvement has slowed dramatically. Working from a lower base, white women made up $.11 in the 1980s, but only $.04 cents during the 1990s. And the statistics are worse for minority women: An African-American woman earns $.67 for every $1 a white man earns, while her Hispanic sister earns only $.56. Source: US Department of Labor The government’s General Accounting Office reports that in seven out of ten industries the gap has actually started to widen. Some gains have held. By 2000 women almost reached parity in educational services, taking home 91 cents on the dollar, up from 86 in 1995.   But the big picture is hardly rosy. Over the same period, for example, a female manager in the entertainment and recreation services earned 62 cents for every dollar a male manager made, down from 83 cents in 1995. Given the data, it’s surprising to discover that by a good margin most female managers think they have reached wage parity with their male colleagues. The statistics are sobering: 70% of female executives think they’re paid as much as males; 78% of men agree. The facts, however, show that women in management take home only 62.7% of what male managers earn   (Source: Gallup, American Management Association). Realities and Myths Behind the Persistent Wage Gap Like all entrenched patterns, the gender gap in wages is supported by both myth and reality. Some of the realities behind the differential require policy changes at the highest levels. Gendered notions of the value of work Traditional "women’s work" tends to be in the helping and support professions. These jobs are not yet considered comparable in worth to the work that men do. Clustering To the degree that women are clustered in lower paying positions, they may not think that they have much bargaining power in bridging the gender gap in pay. They compare their salaries to what other women are making, not to what the job should command. In negotiations, when you don’t think you have much clout and are in a low-power situation, you can be overly reluctant to push for what you are worth Interrupted careers Women are also more likely than men to work part-time, take time off for family reasons, and to be the primary caregivers for their children or aging parents.  This affects not only their take-home pay, but their career opportunities as well. Childless women, for example, currently earn 90% of their male counterparts’ salaries. The myths, however, operate under the surface and color the perception of the wage gag—among men and women. Work is seen as a choice for women, a necessity for men. Forty-one percent of working women head their own households—they are single, divorced, separated or widowed—and 28% have dependent children. Yet American culture still buys into the myth of the male breadwinner. It’s easier to say no to a woman. People—men and women—assume that a woman will sacrifice her own needs for the sake of a good relationship and not push for what’s important to her. When a woman is perceived to be accommodating, it’s harder for her to get others to take her demands seriously or, in parallel, all too tempting to take the path of least resistance and not make them. Money is not a high priority for most women. Money may be only a factor for women in salary negotiations, not the determining one. They may value other elements in a benefit package—time, ability to telecommute, etc. That does not automatically correlate to the prevalent assumption that women don’t care about being paid fairly for the contributions they make. The Cumulative Price Contrary to folk wisdom, women are just as likely as men are to negotiate compensation. The problem is, they don’t realize the same results from their efforts. When men negotiate an entry salary or a raise, they achieve on average a 4.3% increase from the initial figure.  By contrast, when women negotiate, they realize only 2.7% more. This gap adds up. Over the span of a career, the lag translates into about a 35% wage differential that can be traced back to starting salaries. According to a recent study, if current wage patterns continue, a 25-year-old woman, who works full time, will earn $523,000 less than the average 25-year-old man will by the time they both retire at 65. That’s a lot of money. But the discrepancy affects more than a bank account or financial security. Salaries are important. They are a good index of the value an organization puts on your skills and contributions. In turn, they shape an individual’s notion of self-worth. Narrowing the Gap What can an individual woman do when she bumps up against the wage gap? Plenty. Take stock Know precisely what skills, talents, and experience you bring to the table. Pay as much attention to your assets as your weaknesses. Once you identify your weaknesses, don’t dwell on them; consider ways of overcoming them. Get additional training where your skills could use some shoring up; figure out what strengths provide a counterbalance to a perceived weakness. Tie those skills and talents directly to what people are looking for. Benchmark Women often begin negotiations without the solid information about comparable salaries and pay scales that would allow them to be confident the demands they are making are both legitimate and realistic. Instead, they tend to compare their salaries to those of the other women in their field or organization and not to the full band characterizing the field. Find out what your experience and talents command in the marketplace generally—don’t just swap stories with other women. Salary figures are readily available across a wide spectrum on websites like monster.com and hotjobs.com and in university placement offices. Talk widely to others in the industry. Tap your informal networks to find out about a specific company, whether you are thinking about joining its ranks or are up for a performance review. The more you know, the more easily you can defend a salary demand. When you can’t figure out your worth, your chances of getting it are slim. Develop alternatives When you must accept what a prospective employer or a superior puts on the table, you are pretty much at his or her mercy. But if you have the possibility of another job offer or opportunities in other sectors to explore—even if they are not exactly what you want—you still have the luxury of choice. You are not held hostage to another person’s generosity. Aggressively pursue those options; they give you greater flexibility, a better sense of the marketplace for your skills and experience, and confidence in what they are worth. When you meet challenges, this knowledge will help you push back. Set realistic and defensible goals Worries about encouraging unrealistic expectations for future performance can prevent women from setting their goals high and pressing those claims. For a variety of other reasons, women tend to bargain themselves down even before they open discussions.  Instead of mentally whittling away at your demands, set the goals high and then test whether they are defensible, whether they can be supported by performance records and other informational resources. Demonstrate value Especially when the playing field is uneven, you must be prepared to position yourself to advantage. Going into a job interview or a performance review, know what you bring to the table and what you have accomplished. Lay out in specific terms what that experience could or has meant to the company and attach a price tag to it. Think of alternative ways of being compensated, not just a high base salary. Suggest a bonus contingent on performance, for example.  careers, Jobs Indonesia, Indonesia Vacancy

The Gender Pay Gap--New Opportunities for Women

By Carol Berman


Many discoveries are made by mistake. Penicillin. Rubber. Even Post-it Notes.

Here's one more: unintended results from business school researchers have provided more insight into the decades-old discussion of why men earn more than women.

Kevin Clark and Patrick Maggitti of Villanova University and Holly Slay of Seattle University looked to research relationships among business networks. They were not targeting gender or potential impacts gender might have. But gender did have an impact in workplace relationships--an impact they could not ignore. Especially when the impact was on pay.

The State of Affairs

According to the Census Bureau, among full-time workers age 25 or older in 2007, women earned an average of $33,759 which was 24% less than the $46,788 average for men.

Are Men Better Brown-Nosers?

The group looked at the influence of relationships that are 360 degrees around an employee--superiors, peers, and subordinates. It found that men build stronger relationships in all three situations which lead to an increased wage gap between men and women. Researchers controlled for starting salaries, job level, and industry.

Relationships with subordinates had the greatest perceived impact on pay. In other words, if you connect with those below you, they will perform well, make you look good to your boss, and you get a raise. But this trail didn't exist for women.

"We speculate that in some cases, men that are bosses make stronger attachments to the male employees," said Maggitti. "You get along better with people who are similar. That's one potential explanation."

So it makes perfect sense when the men are talking about last night's game or the upcoming tee time at a fancy golf course, women don't necessarily fit in. And even if they can talk the talk, it's just not the same.

Good News for Women

The researchers did not want to cast more gloom and doom over the gender gap--an area that is squarely in public discourse at the moment. Instead, the researchers want their study to be used as a way to identify opportunities for women to rectify pay inequities. They suggest:

• Motivate and get to know your team: Maggitti and Clark acknowledge that women are better than men at establishing group consensus and managing teams. But that's only in studies and on paper. When it comes to managing subordinate networks, women need to improve.
• Find out what your friends know: Maggitti and Clark say women are aware of their work communities and groups but don't use peers in obtaining information to advance their careers. Women need to start thinking of it as opportunity to share company information related to the work at hand, rather than gossip.
• Influence your supervisor: Researchers suggest taking advantage of chance run-ins with the boss by having something ready to say. Yes, when your boss is a man, and you're a woman, you won't have those bathroom run-ins. There's always the hallway.

Next Steps

Like many academic studies, results often spark ideas for future research. The folks behind the study hope to revisit the gender of all the people involved in all workplace relationships--the bosses, the peers, and the subordinates; not just the person at the center. They want to look at the perception of the "old boys club" network--does it still exist? But in the meantime, they hope that women will recognize and create opportunities that may exist right now in the workplace.

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